Resumo
Caves are natural aperture and oligotrophic extreme environment for psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms. Microorganisms found in caves can be indigenous to the caves or introduced by humans, animals, water flow and wind action. Group of microorganisms found in caves are bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. However, bacteria and fungi are the dominant microorganisms. Cave microorganisms are metabolically diverse and are able to acquire energy independently through photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic activities. Different microbial groups also interact in the formation of cave and as part of the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Cave microbiology has allowed the detection of microorganisms with the potentials to produce different biomolecules for industrial, pharmaceutical, environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Referências
- Adetutu, E. M.; Ball, A. S. Microbial diversity
- and activity in caves. Microbiology
- Australia, v. 35, no. 4, p. 192-194, 2014.
- https://doi.org/10.1071/MA14062
- Adetutu, E. M.; Thorpe, K.; Bourne, S.; Cao, X.;
- Shahsavari, E.; Kirby, G.; Ball, A. S.
- Phylogenetic diversity of fungal communities
- in areas accessible and not accessible to
- tourists in Naracoorte Caves. Mycologia,
- v. 103, no. 5, p. 959-968, 2011.
- https://doi.org/10.3852/10-256
- Czerwik-Marcinkowska, J; Mrozińska, T.
- Algae and cyanobacteria in caves of the
- Polish Jura. Polish Botanical Journal, v. 56,
- no. 2, p. 203-243, 2011.
- Engel, A. S.; Meisinger, D. B.; Porter, M. L.;
- Payn, R. A.; Schmid, M.; Stern, L. A.; Lee, N. M.
- Linking phylogenetic and functional diversity
- to nutrient spiraling in microbial mats from
- Lower Kane Cave (USA). The ISME Journal,
- v. 4, no. 1, p. 98-110, 2010. https://doi.org/
- 1038/ismej.2009.91
- Engel, A. S.; Stern, L. A.; Bennett, P. C.
- Microbial contributions to cave formation:
- New insights into sulfuric acid speleogenesis.
- Geology, v. 32, no. 5, p. 369-372, 2004.
- https://doi.org/10.1130/G20288.1
- Gherman, V. D.; Boboescu, I. Z.; Pap, B.;
- Kondorosi, E.; Gherman, G.; Maroti, G. An
- acidophilic bacterial-archaeal-fungal
- ecosystem linked to formation of ferruginous
- crusts and stalactites. Geomicrobiology
- Journal, v. 31, no. 5, p. 407-418, 2014.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2013.83
- Huber, K. J.; Wüst, P. K.; Rohde, M.;
- Overmann, J.; Foesel, B. U. Aridibacter
- famidurans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aridibacter
- kavangonensis sp. nov., two novel members
- of subdivision 4 of the Acidobacteria isolated
- from semiarid savannah soil. International
- Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
- Microbiology, v. 64, no. 6, p. 1866-1875,
- https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.060236-0
- Ikner, L. A.; Toomey, R. S.; Nolan, G.; Neilson,
- J. W.; Pryor, B. M.; Maier, R. M. Culturable
- microbial diversity and the impact of tourism
- in Kartchner Caverns, Arizona. Microbial
- Ecology, v. 53, no. 1, p. 30-42, 2007.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9135-8
- Jones, A. A.; Bennett, P. C. Mineral
- microniches control the diversity of
- subsurface microbial populations.
- Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 31, no. 3,
- p. 246-261, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/
- 2013.809174
- Jurado, V.; Boiron, P.; Kroppenstedt, R. M.;
- Laurent, F.; Couble, A.; Laiz, L.; Bergeron, E.
- Nocardia altamirensis sp. nov., isolated from
- Altamira Cave, Cantabria, Spain.
- International Journal of Systematic and
- Evolutionary Microbiology, v. 58, no. 9,
- p. 2210-2214, 2008. https://doi.org/
- 1099/ijs.0.65482-0
- Jurado, V.; Laiz, L.; Rodriguez-Nava, V.;
- Boiron, P.; Hermosin, B.; Sanchez-Moral, S.;
- Saiz-Jimenez, C. Pathogenic and opportunistic
- microorganisms in caves. International
- Journal of Speleology, v. 39, p.15-21, 2010.
- https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.39.1.2
- Kunisawa, T. Evaluation of the phylogenetic
- position of the sulfate-reducing bacterium
- Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii (Phylum
- Nitrospirae) by means of gene order data
- from completely sequenced genomes.
- International Journal of Systemic and
- Evolutionary Microbiology, v. 60, no. 5,
- p. 1090-1102, 2010. https://doi.org/
- 1099/ijs.0.014266-0
- Lee, N. M.; Meisinger, D. B.; Aubrecht, R.;
- Kovacik, L.; Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Baskar, S.;
- Baskar, R.; Liebl, W.; Porter, M. L.; Engel, A. S.
- Caves and karst environments. In: Bell, E. M.
- (Ed.). Life at extremes: Environment,
- organisms, and strategies for survival.
- Cambridge: CAB International, 2012. p. 320-
- Legatzki, A.; Orttiz, M.; Neilson, J. W.;
- Dominguez, S.; Andersen, G. L.; Toomey, R. S.;
- Maier, R. M. Bacterial and archaeal
- community structure of two adjacent calcite
- speleothems in Kartchner Caverns, Arizona,
- USA. Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 28, no. 2,
- p. 99-117, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/
- Li, L.; Victoria, J. G.; Wang, C.; Jones, M.;
- Fellers, G. M.; Kunz, T. H.; Delwart, E. Bat
- guano virome: Predominance of dietary
- viruses from insects and plants plus novel
- mammalian viruses. Journal of Virology,
- v. 84, no. 14, p. 6955-6965, 2010.
- https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00501-10
- Minnis, A. M.; Lindner, D. L. Phylogenetic
- evaluation of Geomyces and allies reveals no
- close relatives of Pseudogymnoascus
- destructans, comb. nov., in bat hibernacula of
- Eastern North America. Fungal Biology,
- v. 117, no. 9, p. 638-649, 2013.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2013.07.00
- Mulec, J.; Walochnik, J. Amoeba in carbonate
- precipitating microenvironments in karst
- caves. Geophysical Research Abstracts,
- v. 9, 2007.
- Mulec, J.; Krištůfek, V.; Chroňáková, A.
- Comparative microbial sampling from
- eutrophic caves in Slovenia and Slovakia
- using RIDA® COUNT test kits. International
- Journal of Speleology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 1-8,
- https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-
- X.41.1.1
- Northup, D. E.; Barns, S. M.; Yu, L. E.; Spilde,
- M. N.; Schelble, R. T.; Dano, K. E.; Dahm, C. N.
- Diverse microbial communities inhabiting
- ferromanganese deposits in Lechuguilla and
- Spider Caves. Environmental Microbiology,
- v. 5, no. 11, p. 1071-1086, 2003.
- https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.
- 00500.x
- Northup, D. E.; Dahm, C. N.; Melim, L. A.;
- Spilde, M. N.; Crossey, L. J.; Lavoie, K. H.;
- Mallory, L. M.; Boston, P. J.; Cunningham, K. I.;
- Barns, S. M. Evidence for geomicrobiological
- interactions in Guadalupe caves. Journal of
- Cave and Karst Studies, v. 62, no. 2, p. 80-
- , 2000.
- Palaniyandi, S. A.; Yang, S. H.; Zhang, L.; Suh, J.
- W. Effects of actinobacteria on plant disease
- suppression and growth promotion. Applied
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 97,
- no. 22, p. 9621-9636, 2013. https://doi.org/
- 1007/s00253-013-5206-1
- Quan, P. L.; Firth, C.; Street, C.; Henriquez, J.
- A.; Petrosov, A.; Tashmukhamedova, A.;
- Hutchison, S. K.; Egholm, M.; Osinubi, M. O.;
- Niezgoda, M.; Ogunkoya, A. B.; Briese, T.;
- Rupprecht, C. E.; Lipkin, W. I. Identification of
- a severe acute respiratory syndrome
- coronavirus-like virus in a leaf-nosed bat in
- Nigeria. mBio, v. 1, no.4, e00208-10, 2010.
- http://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00208-10
- Saiz-Jimenez, C. Microbiological and
- environmental issues in show caves. World
- Journal of Microbiology and
- Biotechnology, v. 28, no. 7, p. 2453-2464,
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-
- -x
- Shapiro, J.; Pringle, A. Anthropogenic
- influences on the diversity of fungi isolated
- from caves in Kentucky and Tennessee. The
- American Midland Naturalist, v. 163, no. 1,
- p. 76-86, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1674/
- -0031-163.1.76
- Tkavc, R. Identification and genotypization
- of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from
- troglophile moths Scoliopteryx libatrix L.
- and Triphosa dubitata L. Ljubljana:
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty,
- (Graduation theseis).
- Tomczyk-Żak, K.; Zielenkiewicz, U. Microbial
- diversity in caves. Geomicrobiology
- Journal, v. 33, no. 1, p. 20-38, 2016.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2014.10
- Tomova, I.; Lazarkevich, I.; Tomova, A.;
- Kambourova, M.; Vasileva-Tonkova, E.
- Diversity and biosynthetic potential of
- culturable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria
- isolated from Magura Cave, Bulgaria.
- International Journal of Speleology, v. 42,
- no. 1, p. 65-76, 2013. https://doi.org/
- 5038/1827-806X.42.1.8
- Vanderwolf, K. J.; Malloch, D.; McAlpine, D. F.;
- Forbes, G. J. A world review of fungi, yeasts,
- and slime molds in caves. International
- Journal of Speleology, v. 42, no. 1, p. 77-96,
- https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.
- 1.9
- Walochnik, J.; Mulec, J. Free living amoebae in
- carbonate precipitating microhabitats of
- karst caves and a new vahlkampfiid amoeba,
- Allovahlkampfia spelaea gen. nov. Acta
- Protozoologica, v. 48, no. 1, p. 25-33, 2015.
- Wiseschart, A.; Mhuanthong, W.; Thongkam,
- P.; Tangphatsornruang, S.; Chantasingh, D.;
- Pootanakit, K. Bacterial diversity and
- phylogenetic analysis of type II polyketide
- synthase gene from Manao-Pee Cave.
- Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 35, no. 6,
- p. 518-527, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/
- 2017.1411993
- Yucel, S. E.; Yamac, M. U. Selection of
- Streptomyces isolates from Turkish Karstic
- caves against antibiotic resistant
- microorganisms. Pakistan Journal of
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 23, no. 1, p. 1-6,
- Zhou, J. P.; Gu, Y. Q.; Zou, C. S.; Mo, M. H.
- Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria in an earthcave in Guizhou Province, Southwest of
- China. Journal of Microbiology, v. 45, no. 2,
- p. 105-112, 2007.
